Мастика КМ-0,5 ТУ 84-246-75 ( Код: МХ-000196) Применяют в основном для герметизации стыков между стеклом и металлом. Обладает хорошей адгезией, высокой атмосферо- и озоностойкостью и сохраняет эластичность до температуры минус 45 С. Это вязкотекучие, \\\'пастообразные составы. Они переходят в резиноподобное состояние при комнатной температуре, когда в них добавляют специальные вулканизирующие вещества.

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Герметики на основе полисульфидных олигомеров находят широкое применение в:

1. - Авиастроении
   В авиации они используются для уплотнения топливных баков-кессонов, крыльевых и фюзеляжных отсеков, кабины пилота, иллюминаторов, для закрепления корпусов огней и герметизации электрокабеля и пр.;
2. - Судостроении
   в судостроении - для герметизации и конопачения пазов деревянных палуб, трещин и пазов оконных рам, герметизация кабельной коробки, на дамбах и палубах, для уплотнения фланцевых соединений трубопроводов различного назначения, штуцерных соединений маслопроводов, для защиты стальных корпусов судов от кавитации и эрозии в подводных сооружениях.
3. - Автомобилестроении
   В автомобиле- и тракторостроении тиоколовые герметики применяются для жесткого крепления неподвижных ветровых стекол машин к проему кузова, защиты днища и крыльев от коррозии и абразивного разрушения, уплотнения внутренних и наружных сварных швов, звукоизоляции и выравнивания трещин и пор.
4. - Машиностроении
   Герметики, содержащие эпоксидную смолу и специальные добавки, могут использоваться в машиностроении в качестве антифрикционного материала для замены бронзовых и баббитовых деталей, работающих на истирание.
5. - Электротехнической и радиотехнической промышленности
   В электротехнической, радиотехнической и приборной технике они применяются для герметизации штепсельных разъемов и других конструкций, заливки мест сращивания кабелей, крепления оптических деталей и др. Они могут использоваться также для контактирования деталей, не поддающихся пайке оловянными сплавами или в тех случаях, когда недопустима температура пайки или нежелательно травление поверхности.
6. - Ракетной и космической технике
   В ракетной и космической технике применение герметиков позволяет защищать различное оборудование и приборы от комплексного воздействия инфракрасного и ультрафиолетового облучения, кислорода, обеспечивать вакуум и высокое давление.
7. - Легкой промышленности и медицине
   Они применяются в медицине для изготовления оттисков зубных коронок при протезировании; в легкой промышленности для герметизации стиральных машин, иногда холодильных установок. У вулканизованных тиоколовых герметиков имеется слабый запах, поэтому не рекомендуется их применять для герметизации резервуаров с питьевой водой, холодильников или другого оборудования для хранения пищевых продуктов.
8. - Гражданском, промышленном и дорожном строительстве
   В настоящее время большая часть выпускаемых герметиков используется на нужды строительства - жилищного, промышленного, дорожного, гидротехнического,- и среди них особое положение занимают герметики на основе полисульфидных олигомеров для панельного, блочного домостроения, уплотнения стыков наружных стеновых панелей. Герметики в горизонтальных и вертикальных стыках панелей поперечных и продольных наружных стен полносборных зданий должны защищать здание от проникновения влаги и воздуха и потерь тепла.

Для покрытия спортивных площадок могут быть использованы и обычные серийные тиоколовые герметики У-З0м, У-З0мэс-5 и УТ-32 с добавкой в них песка и резиновой крошки.

  Тиоколовые герметики являются топливо-, бензо-, маслостойкими материалами. Стойки к действию морской, водопроводной и дистиллированной воды. Отлично противостоят тепловому старению. Отлично противостоят радиационному у/ф облучению. 

Широкое распространение на основе жидкого тиоколового каучука получили мастики: У-ЗОм, У-ЗОс, У-30, МЭС-5, УЗО МЭС-10, УТ-31, УТ-32, УТ-34, УТ-35, УТБ-1, УТБ-Н, УТЦ-1, а также мастика ГС-1.

Это гаязко-текучие, пастообразные составы. Они переходят в резиноподобное состояние при комнатной температуре, когда в них добавляют специальные вулканизирующие вещества.

Тиоколовые мастики считают лучшими герметизирующими материалами, так как они вулканизируются без усадки, обеспечивая полную надежность герметизации. Кроме того, с ними удобно работать: их наносят шпателем, кистью, шприцем или просто поливом. Составы тиоколовых мастик и физико-механические свойства их приведены в табл. 53—56.

Тиоколовые мастики обладают хорошей адгезией ко многим материалам, высокой масло- и бензостойкостью, хорошо сопротивляются окислению, действию атмосферных осадков, обладают влаго- и газонепроницаемостью, сохраняют эластичность при низких (-60°С) температурах и имеют удовлетворительные диэлектрические свойства. Рабочая температура тиоколов от -60 до + 130°С, реже до + 150°С, кратковременно — до + 175°С.

Чтобы увеличить сопротивление разрыву с 8—10 до 25— 40 кгс/см2 и сопротивление отслаиванию от металла с 0,4—1,0 до 1,5—4,5 кгс/см2, вводят соответствующие наполнители и адгезионные присадки.

Тиоколовые мастики готовят непосредственно перед употреблением из трех составных частей: герметизирующей пасты, вулканизирующей пасты и ускорителя, которые поставляются в комплекте

Для вулканизации большинства тиоколовых герметиков применяют перекись марганца, смешанную с дибутилфталатом и стеарином (вулканизирующая паста № 15). Ускорителем вулканизации служит дифенилгуанидин. В отдельных случаях для ускорения вулканизации герметиков У-30 МЭС, УТ-32, УТ-34, содержащих эпоксидную смолу, добавляют полиэтиленполиамин в количестве не более 1—5% от веса герметизирующих.

При добавлении вулканизирующих веществ жизнеспособность мастики может длиться от 1 до 15 ч. При положительной температуре 15—30°С вулканизация герметика заканчивается через 7—10 суток. После этого физико-механические свойства материала не изменяются в течение нескольких лет эксплуатации. Превращение же пасты в материал, подобный резине, заканчивается практически за 1—2 суток, прочность герметика при этом составляет 8—15 кгс/см2.

Приготовляя герметик, надо тщательно растирать герметизирующую пасту с вулканизатором, а затем с ускорителем, рассчитывая использовать герметик в течение 5—8 ч.

Для ускорения вулканизации герметизированные швы прогревают при температуре 50°С в течение 24—36 ч или при 80°С— 12—16 ч. За это время прочность герметика становится такой же, как после 7—10 суток вулканизации в нормальных условиях.

При понижении температуры окружающей среды процесс вулканизации герметиков замедляется и при 40°С прекращается.

Для разжижения герметиков, имеющих пастообразно-текучую консистенцию, используют ацетон, этилацетат, циклогексанон, метилэтилкетон, толуол и их смеси.

Количество растворителя может достигать 10—70% от веса герметизирующей пасты. Растворители не ухудшают физико-механических свойств вулканизированных герметиков, но несколько сокращают жизнеспособность составов.

Чтобы повысить адгезию некоторых герметиков (У-ЗОм, У-ЗОс, УТ-31 и УТ-35), к поверхности металлов и некоторых неметаллических материалов (пластмассы, резины) применяют клеевые подслои: при работе в воздушной среде — каучуковый клей № 88, а при работе в среде топлива, масел и бензина — тиоколо-эпоксидный клей К-50.

Герметики У-30 МЭС, УТ-32 и УТ-34 благодаря присутствию в их составе эпоксидной смолы Э-40 обладают удовлетворительной адгезией к поверхности стали, дюралюминия, магниевых сплавов, древесины, бетона, стекла.

Без применения клеевого подслоя герметики прочно крепятся к резинам из акрило-нитрильного полихлоропренового, диви-нилстирольного и натрий-бутадиенового каучуков, но не обладают адгезией к резинам из натурального, изопренового, крем-нийорганического каучуков, а также поливинилхлориду, полиэтилену и фторопласту. Адгезионные и защитные свойства тио-коловых герметиков повышают добавлением диизоцианита 102 Т. Тиоколовые герметики стойки к воздействию морской и пресной воды, растворителей, разбавленных кислот, слабых щелочей, солнечного света, озона, тепла. Поэтому их применяют в узлах и деталях, которые работают или хранятся на открытом воздухе и подвергаются действию высоких и низких температур, солнечной радиации, кислорода воздуха и атмосферных осадков.

Медленно стареют герметики, содержащие смолу Э-40 По мере старения у них несколько снижается относительное удлинение при разрыве, причем постепенно этот показатель становится стабильным.

Тиоколовые герметики используют в жилищном и промышленном строительстве, санитарно-технических устройствах, антикоррозионной технике. Выбор герметика обусловливается в каждом конкретном случае техническими требованиями, предъявляемыми к изделию.

Жизнеспособность тиоколового герметика зависит от температуры наружного воздуха и составляет 2—24 ч.

Срок хранения тиоколовых герметиков на промежуточных складах — 6 месяцев, после чего герметики могут стать непригодными.

Способ герметизации тиоколовыми мастиками. Специфическая особенность тиоколов — сравнительно быстрая 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вулканизация, начинающаяся через 1,5—6 ч. При этом резко возрастает вязкость, уменьшается удобонаносимость и соответственно понижается адгезия к бетонным поверхностям. Поэтому приходится или. увеличивать жизнеспособность жидких тиоколов, то есть удлинять срок до начала их вулканизации, для того чтобы сохранить в течение смены, или быстро, в течение 1,5—2 ч, наносить в стыки очередную свежеприготовленную порцию тиоколов.    .

Чтобы повысить качество и надежность герметизации стыков тиоколами, грани панелей необходимо очищать от грязи, пыли и наплывов раствора. При работе в зимних условиях поверхность стыков перед герметизацией надо тщательно очищать от снега,  инея, наледи, прогревать и просушивать.

Сухая поверхность — одно из необходимых условий для качественного нанесения тиокола У-ЗОм, поэтому уплотнять стыки лучше всего при сухой погоде. Для того, чтобы увеличить сезонность работ, можно предварительно в заводских условиях грунтовать кромки панелей разжиженным (за счет разбавиг теля) тиоколовым герметиком. Это позволяет наносить